23个现在完成时的标志词(如to date)
当然ever, never, just (方才/刚刚),already (已经),yet (到目前为止),today, this mornin g/week/year也是可以使用现在完成时,并非是大多数原则。
——出现以下的词汇,通常使用现在完成时”结构
1) ever since, since, since th ---- 3 个
2) by now, so far, till/until now, up to now ----- 5 个
3) -------------------------------- before, lately, recently 3 个
花儿朵朵开4) --------------------------------------- in recent years in the past 2 个
5) -------------------------------------------------------- in/for/over/during the last/past + 寸「可段2 彳、
6) This/That/lt is +最高级结构…(that) +从句用现完一1个
7) This/That/lt is the first/second*...tim 从句用现完1 个
8) This/That/lt is the only …(从句用+现完1 个
9) 不很常见的up to the present, to date, thus fa—3 个
10)  ------------------------------------- 不很常见的long ago, from— 2个
——以上的划分是为了讲解记忆的方便而已。
1. ever since, since, since the—3 个
ever since, since中的si nee可以是副词,也可以是介词、连词;since the n为介词+名词(或副词)结构
《朗文英语语法》第309页9.25.2与since和for连用的现在完成时since和for常与现在完成时连用5表示直到现在的时段。
since (+时点)可用作:
since连词:
Tom hasn1 t been home since he was a b 汤姆从小就不衽家了。since 畐寸词:
I saw Fiona in May and I haven * t seen her since.
我5月份见过菲奥娜,此后我就没有再见过她了。
since介词:
I 1 ve lived here since 198自1980年起我就住衽这儿。since用作连词时,后面可跟一般过去时或现在完成时:
I retired in 1980 and came to live here. I ' ve lived here since I retired.我于1980 年退休后就搬到这里。我自退休后就一直住在这儿。
(即我调休的时点:1980年)
I have lived here for several years now and I ' ve made many new friends since I have lived here.
我已在这里住了好多年。从我在这里住下到现在,我已交了许多新朋友。(即一
直到现在)
2. by now, so far, till/until now, up to now—-5 彳、
这几个是到现在为止/到目前为主/迄今(为止厂’常使用现完 ...... 中考考点。
《高阶英语语法》(增补本杜永文编著)第295页0433
If he sent the letter to me last Wednesday, why have not I received it by now?如果上个星期三他把信寄给我了,为什么到现在我还不曾收到?
《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第1420页now词条
The meeting should have finished by now.会议现在应i亥已经结束了。
《剑桥高阶英汉双解词典》第785页far词条
so far: until now 迄今为止;至U 目前为止So far we * ve made th-tiwrtyo thousand pounds.至[J 目前为止,我们已经赚了32 000英镑。
《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第738页far词条
so far: until now 迄今为止
So far we have restricted our attention to the local area.迄今为止、我们都把注意力局限在当地。
《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第1420页now词条
up to now/ until now Until now, we 1 ve had very mild weather this winter.我们今年冬天的天气一直到现在都比较暖和。
(fcOBUILD英汉双解词典》第2155页up词条
难度系数越高越难吗Up to now they * ve had very little sa 一直到现在他们还很少有发言权。
3. before(now), lately, recently ------ 3 彳、
before必须是副词词性,强调的是从现在开始追溯到过去的一段时间”,使用现宀完;
recently与lately相近,含义有两个“最近的/近来的,不久前的因此前者的含义大多使用现完结构,后者的含义使用一般过去时结构。
《朗文英语语法》第308页9.25.1
Olga hasn ' t即peared on TV before noW尔加在此以前没有上过电视。
《韦氏高阶英汉双解词典》第176页before词条
before: adv. at an earlier time 以前;过去Haven1 t we mebtefore?我们以前没见过? We haven * t had
these problems befo我们以前从未碰倒过这些问题。
《英语词汇用法手册》(L. G.亚历L1I大编著)第159页late, lately词条
We haven* t seen you lately最近我们一直没见过你。(lately二近来)《朗文当代高级英语辞典》第五版第2394页smile词条
I haven 1 t had much to smile about late近来我没什么幵心的事情。
《葛传集英语惯用法词典》第475页recently词条5.
rece ntly可与修饰属于完成时态或过去时态的动词。例如:
I (have) heard from him recently.
(fbOBUILD柯林斯英汉双解词典》辛克莱著第1612页recently词条
I haven 1 t heard from her recen近来我没有接到她的信。
4.in recent years in the past ……2 彳、
上海高考英语2015年考查过in recent years这个结构;in the past可以使用过去时与现在完成时等
结构
《新概念英语》第二册第58课A blessing in disguise?是因祸得福吗?
The tree was planted near a church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent yearsthat it has gained an evil reputation.
后半句事实上是个强调句,可理解为that it has gained an evil reputation only in recent years.这里把
recent对应于现在完成时源于此。职代会心得
《麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典》第1059页in词条4
4c: within a period of time 在(一段日寸间)之内: Un employment has risen by over 15% in the past year.失业率在去年一年内上升了15%以上。
《现代英语用法词典》(修订版张道真主编)第1059页past词条
In the past I have had many jobs. (DCE)
In the past trains were pulled by steam-engines. (OSD) 5.in/for/over/during the last/past + 时间段——
2个这个大结构大多使用现完,高考英语考查两处:介词(与现完的搭配);现完(与介词结构的搭配) 6. This/That/lt is +最高级结构…(that) +从句用现完…1个
——事实上,实际应用中未见得完全如此,但考试还是一个要求。
《朗文英语语法》第308页9.25.1
It f s the most interestibnogok I 1 evveer read.这是我读过的最有意识的书。《牛津英语用法指南》 (第三版)第920页
It 's one of the most interesting books I f ve ever read.
这是我看过的最有意识的书中的一本。
《朗文英语语法》第40页
It * s the silliest argument (that) I 这是我听说过的最愚蠢的论点。
Bach' s the greatest composer that ' s (or who •巴赫是曾有过的最伟大的作曲家。曹冲是谁杀的
《朗文英语语法》第219页6.28.1我们也可以衽最高级之后用一尖系从句。
这种从句经常伴随着带有・・・ever heard, met, read, see等词的现在完成时:’War and Peace ' is the Iongest book (that) I have ever read.
《战争与和平》是我所看过的书中最长的一部。小常识问答
Penfold is the most conceited man (that/whom) I have ever met.彭福尔德是我所遇到的人中最自负的一个。
7. This/lt/That is the first/second •… 从句用hi 完+・・1 个
——该条目算是硬f生的规定。完成时态
《牛津英语语法:即学即练》第30页
在It ' s/This is the first/second timfe 后,用现在完成时。
This is the first time we ' ve been to Scotland, so it ' s all new to us.
This is the second time Rachel has forgotten to give me a message.
I love this film.丨think it ' s the fourth time I ' ve seen it.
《牛津英语用法指南》(第三版)第920页
This is the first that I ' ve hea这是我第一次听见她唱歌。
8. This/That/lt is the only •从句a 用现完个
——本条目属于语法结构上的规定。
《牛津英语用法指南》(第三版)第920页
在以this/it/that is the first/second/third/only/best/worst 等构建的句子里,要用现在完成时。
《朗文英语语法》第42页1 .43尖系从句之所指:一个句子可以包括一个以上的尖系词:
It * s the only building (which) I ' ve ever seen which is made entirely of glass.这是我所
见过的唯一的一座全部用玻璃造的建筑物。(第一个which 一般可以省略。)
9. 不很常见的up to the present, to date, thus fa—r — 3 个
相当于by now, so far结构,只是目前的教科书、语法书讲解得不多而已。
《韦氏高阶英汉双解词典》第1633页present词条
I have worked here from 2000 to the present.