现在完成时态的有关知识
一、现在完成时态的基本结构:
    动词have / has + 动词的过去分词
二、现在完成时的两种用法:
1、已完成用法。
现在完成时的“已完成用法”——指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。即:表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。如:
He has turned off the light.
他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况——灯现在不亮了。)
I have bought a new computer.
我买了一台新电脑。(动作发生并结束于过去,但说明现在的情况——现在我有了一台新电脑。)
现在完成时的“已完成用法”的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与
●表示不定的过去时间状语,如:already已经,yet已经/, before以前, just刚刚, recently最近
●频度时间状语(如:never从不, ever曾经, once一次, twice两次, three times三次,等)、中国冠毛犬
●包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning /month/ year…,today等)连用。如:
不花心Have you found your pen yet? 你已到你的钢笔了吗?完成时态
I have seen the movie twice. 这部电影我已经看过两次。薛来
Lucy has just been to the teachers’ office. 露西刚去过过教师的办公室。
They have already cleaned the classroom. 他们已经打扫了教室。
2、未完成用法(或“持续用法”)
现在完成时的“未完成用法”——指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。即:表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。
●此用法常和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括“现在”在内)的一段时间的状语连用,即:
for +关联词的用法一段时间;
since +过去的时间点;
since +从句(句子用一般过去时
●或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语:
so far,  up to now,  by now,  in/during the past few weeks,等。如:
He has lived here since 1978.
自从1978年以来,他一直住要这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.
我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)
I have done a lot of useful work in the past few years. 在过去的几年间我做了很多有益的工作。
So far we have learned three thousand English words. 到目前为止我们已经学习了三千个英语单词。
注意:
1)现在完成时的“未完成用法”必须用延续性动词(即:表示行为动作可以持续不断进行的动词,动作发生的时间是长期的。如:live, work, have, keep, know, learn…),不可用
短暂性动词(即:表示瞬间就结束或动作发生的时间是短暂有动词。如:come, go, arrive, leave, join, become, die, buy…)。因为延续性动词可以和表示一段时间的时间状语连用,而短暂性动词不能与since, for 引导的表一段时间的状语的肯定句连用。
如果短暂性动词要与表一段时间的时间状语连用,需先将短暂性动词变成延续性动词。
2)现在完成时常见两种句型:
主语+have / has been …+ for短语
It is + 一段时间 + since从句
如:He has been in the League for three years. It is three years since he joined the League.
他入团已经三年了。
练习
(  )1. Sorry, we’ve ________ the tickets. 
A. sell out    B. sold out    C. sell of    D. sold of
(  )2. ---Where is your father?  --- He _______ America on business, he isn’t at home now.
      A. has been go    B. have been to      C. have gone to    D. has gone to
(  )3. ______ she ever ______ Nanning? 
A. Does, visit    B. Are, visiting    C. Has, visited    D. Have, visited
(  )4. We have lived in Beijing ______ ten years. 
A. in    B. at    C. for    D. since
睛组词两个字
(  )5. ---________ have you known her?  --- For two years.
        A. How long    B. How often    C. How far      D. How many
(  )6. ---Have you ever been to Guilin?  --- Yes, I _______ there twice.
        A. have been    B. have gone    C. have been to    D. have gone to
(  )7. Have you ______ visited the Great Wall ?
        A. ever      B. before    C. did    D. done
(  )8. --- What have you done?  --- I’ve just _______ the floor.
        A. cleaned      B. clean      C. to clean      D. wash
(  )9. I have ______ finished my homework., but I haven’t cleaned my room ________.
        A. already, already      B. yet, yet      C. just, already    D. already, yet
(  )10. _____ Jack ________ the book before?
        A. Have , seen      B. Has, seen      C. Has, read      D. Has, watched