Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C] or[D]on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly,logically,and abstractly in order to solve new problems.It1in young adulthood,levels out for a period of time,and then2starts to slowly decline as we age.But3aging is inevitable,scientists are finding that certain changes in brain function may not be.
One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence.This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.
The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than4,0
00middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period.They found that middle-aged people 9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.
For women,the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat;in men,the immune system did not appear to be13.It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.
16,there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18.The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following a Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.
1.[A]pauses[B]returns[C]peaks[D]fades
2.[A]alternatively[B]formally[C]accidentally[D]generally
3.[A]while[B]since[C]once[D]until
4.[A]detection[B]accumulation[C]consumption[D]separation
5.[A]possibility[B]decision[C]goal[D]requirement
6.[A]delay[B]ensure[C]seek[D]utilize
7.[A]modified[B]supported[C]included[D]predicted
8.[A]devoted[B]compared[C]converted[D]applied
9.[A]with[B]above[C]by[D]against
10.[A]lived[B]managed[C]scored[D]played
11.[A]ran out[B]set off[C]drew in[D]went by
12.[A]superior[B]attributable[C]parallel[D]resistant
13.[A]restored[B]isolated[C]involved[D]controlled
14.[A]alter[B]spread[C]remove[D]explain
15.[A]compensations[B]symptoms[C]demands[D]treatments
16.[A]Likewise[B]Meanwhile[C]Therefore[D]Instead
17.[A]change[B]watch[C]count[D]take
18.[A]well-being[B]process[C]formation[D]coordination
19.[A]level[B]love[C]knowledge[D]space
20.[A]design[B]routine[C]diet[D]prescription
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions after each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or [D].Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)
Text1
How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares?It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual:every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise.This year’s rise,an average of2.7percent,may be a fraction lower than last year’s,but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index(CPI)measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it,rather than the general taxpayer.Why,the argument goes,should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey?Equally,there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East,many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However,over the past12months,those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years.It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the n
etwork,but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel.The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions.However,there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
考研时间2021考试时间The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that,even when strikes occur,services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways.Yes,more investment is needed,but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped,unreliable services,punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed,or planned maintenance is managed incompetently.The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now,but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares________.
[A]will ease train operation’s burden
[B]has kept pace with inflation
[C]is a big surprise to commuters
[D]remains an unreasonable measure
22.The stockbroker in Para.2is used to stand for________.
[A]car drivers
[B]rail traverllers
[C]local investors
[D]ordinary tax payers
23.It is indicated in Para.3that train operators________.
[A]are offering compensations to commuters
[B]are trying to repair ralations with the unions
[C]have failed to provide an adequate source
[D]have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes
24.If unable to calm down passengers,the railways may have to face________.
[A]the loss of investment
[B]the collapse of operations
[C]a reduction of revenue
[D]a change of ownership
25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
[A]Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
[B]Constant Complaining Doesn’t Worlk
[C]Can Nationalization Bring Hope?
[D]Ever-rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable
Text2
Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace.One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program.
In2007,Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions,such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care.Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs,these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty.They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide.In Indonesia,the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment.In fact,poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals,says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation,while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty.However,those correlations don’t prove cause and effect.The only previous study analyzing causality,based on an area in Mexico that had insti
tuted CCTs,supported the traditional view.There,as people got more money,some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment,though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation.Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from2008to2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in7,468forested villages across15 provinces and multiple islands.The duo separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors,like weather and macroeconomic changes,which were also affecting forest loss.With that,“we see that the program is associated with a30percent reduction in deforestation,”Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather,Ferraro says.Typically,if rains are delayed,people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests.With the CCTs,individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
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