⼀、说明
  【定义】说明⽂即对⼈物、事物和事理进⾏说明的⽂章。
  【范例】请根据下⾯提供的材料,谈谈⽔的重要性。
  1. 没有⽔地球上就没有⽣命。
  2. ⽔⼏乎⽆处不在。
  3. ⽔有固态、液态和⽓态三种形态。
  4. 世界上仍有许多地⽅缺⽔。
  One possible version:
  Water
  Water is very important for living things. Withoutwater there can be no life on earth. All animals andplants need water. Man also needs water.
  Water is found almost everywhere. Even in thedriest part of the world there is some water in theair.
  As is known to us all,water may be a solid,ora liquid or a gas. When it is a solid,it may be ashard as brick. When it is a liquid,it can be pouredout of a container. When it is a gas,it cannot beseen or felt.
  Although about 70 percent of the earth’s surfaceis covered with water,there are many places in theworld still running out of water. So we should makegood use of water on earth.
  【剖析】
  1. 开宗明义
  说明⽂不同于⼀般的⽂学作品,它不需要环境、⼼境的描写,不需要引⼈⼊胜的⽓氛渲染。说明⽂的第⼀个句⼦就可以直奔主题。如通过Water is veryimportant for living things.⼀句可以让我们清晰地了解到,该⽂要说明“⽔”的重要性。但如果以下述⽅法作为该⽂的开头就不符合说明⽂的要求了:
  After I played football with my friends yesterdayafternoon,I was very thirsty. But I couldn’t find anyboiled water to drink. Only then did I realize thathow important water is.
  当然,说明⽂也可以以书信、便条、⽇记、⼝头介绍等形式出现。这时,我们应该注意书信等开头的写作格式。如:
  I’m glad to get your letter. In your letter,youask me about the importance of water. Now I’ll talkabout it.
  2. 条理清晰
  要把说明⽂写得条理分明,必须掌握说明的顺序。常⽤的说明顺序有:
  ①时间顺序,即按事物的发⽣、发展的先后顺序进⾏说明。
  ②空间顺序,即按事物空间位置的顺序,由上⾄下,由近及远或由⾥⾄外地进⾏说明。
  ③逻辑顺序,即按⼈们认识事物的规律进⾏说明,如由概括到具体、由整体到部分、由现象到本质、由表及⾥、由原因到结果、由主要到次要、由特点到⽤途等。“Water”⼀⽂使⽤的是逻辑顺序。作者按照⼈们认识⽔的规律,由概念到具体逐步加以说明:⽔⼗分重要→没有⽔就没有⽣命→⽔⽆处不在→⽔的形态。
  3. 简洁⽣动
  说明⽂的⽬的是向读者介绍他们不了解、不熟悉的⼈物、事理等,因此说明⽂的语⾔要浅显、简洁、⽣动。在概念⽐较抽象的地⽅可做适当的举例或⽐喻。“Water”⼀⽂语⾔浅显、简洁,并在说明solid时使⽤了⽐喻的⼿法:as hard as brick。
  4. 时态语态
  说明⽂常⽤⼀般现在时。如“Water”⼀⽂均使⽤的是⼀般现在时。当然,如果说明的是⼈物、事物过去或将来的情况,则要⽤过去或将来的有关时态。另外,由于说明⽂重点放在被说明的⼈物、事物上,故有些说明⽂被动语态的使⽤频率相对⽐较⾼。如“Water”⼀⽂共12个句⼦,其中有5个句⼦使⽤了被动语态。
  【练笔1】
  ⼤学⽣活即将开始,你将⾯对新的学习和⽣活环境,请根据提⽰写⼀篇120词左右的短⽂,谈谈你打算如何安排你的⼤学⽣活。内容要点应包括:
  1. 确定新的学习⽬标;
  2. 改进学习⽅法;
  3. 学会独⽴⽣活;
  4. 参加各种课外活动;
  5. 处理好与同学的关系。
  ⼆、叙述
  【定义】叙述⽂,即记叙⽂,是以叙述为主要表达⽅式,以写⼈物的经历和事物发展变化为主要内容的⼀种⽂体。
  【范例】根据下⾯的提⽰⽤英语写⼀篇⽇记。
  9⽉4⽇,星期⽇,晴,上午你到鞋店买鞋,看到⼀位外国⼥⼠正和⼥营业员谈论些什么,但营业员听不懂。你⾛上前去帮助她们。这位外国⼥⼠是澳⼤利亚⼈,她告诉你她想买双旅游鞋。你把这情况告诉了营业员,这位⼥⼠买过后很⾼兴。她们都很感谢你的帮助。
  注意:1. 词数:100左右。短⽂的格式已经给出,不计⼊总词数。
  2. 参考词汇:⼥营业员salesgirl 旅游鞋traveling shoes
  September 4th,Sunday Fine
  This morning I went to the shoe shop to buy apair of new shoes. When I got there,I noticed aforeign lady talking to a salesgirl. But the salesgirldidn’t understand what the foreigner was saying.They both looked worried. I went up to help them.  The lady is an Australian. She wanted to buy a pairof traveling
shoes. So I told it to the salesgirl. Thelady was very glad when she took them. She sanghigh praise for my spoken English. Both of themexpressed their thanks to me. I felt happy that I wasable to express myself freely in English.
  【剖析】
  1. 抓侧重点
  叙述⽂可记⼈,也可叙事。前者⽤以介绍⼈物的⾝世、经历和事迹。后者⽤以叙述事情发⽣、发展的过程、事情发⽣的前后因果关系等。
记叙文的顺序  写⼈和叙事并不能截然分开。事是⼈⼲的,所以,叙事离不开记⼈,记⼈也离不开叙事。但要抓侧重点,如本篇⽇记是⼀则侧重叙事的短⽂,主要叙述的是在鞋店发⽣的⼀件事情。如果我们在本⽇记中加⼊⼤量的⼈物描写,如The lady is an Australian,who isabout 40 years old and 1.70 meters tall. She hastwo big eyes and a big nose. Her hair is very long.就跑题了。因为,这些描写与该⽂的主题没有关系。
  2. 六个要素
  时间、地点、⼈物、事情、原因和结果构成叙述⽂的六个要素。⼀般地说,写⼀篇叙述⽂这六个要素
缺⼀不可。如this morning — the shoe shop — I,a foreign lady,a salesgirl — buy a pair of travelingshoes — didn’t understand — she took them就是这则⽇记的六要素。当然,在有的叙述⽂中这六个要素也不⼀定⼀应俱全。但“书⾯表达”写作背景材料中所提供的有关要素我们在写作时是⼀定要表达出来的。
  3. ⼈称选择
  叙述⽂⼀般是以第⼀或第三⼈称的⾓度来叙述的。⽤第⼀⼈称表达的优点在于能把故事的情节通过“我”来传达给读者,使⼈读后感到真实可信,如⾝临其境。⽐如本篇⽇记就是以第⼀⼈称的⾓度来叙事的。⽤第三⼈称叙述的优点在于叙述者不
受“我”活动范围以内的⼈和事物的限制,⽽是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者⾯前,⽂章的客观性很强。
  当然,我们在写叙述⽂时,要根据“书⾯表达”所给材料及要求确定⼈称。
  4. 叙述顺序
  叙述的顺序主要有顺叙和倒叙两种。本⽇记所采⽤的是顺叙的⽅法。但如果我们以Today I did agood deed and I felt very happy. 作为⽇记的开头,⽽后再叙述事情的经过,则成为倒叙。顺叙易于让读者弄
清事情的来龙去脉,倒叙则给⼈以悬念,并可以让所叙之事跌宕起伏。⽆论采取哪种叙述⼿法,都应以把事情的来龙去脉讲清楚作为⾸要⽬的。
  5. 直接引语
  为表达⽣动,叙述⽂在表现⼈物之间对⽩时可以采⽤直接引语的形式,但要适度。如在本⽇记中The lady is an Australian.后可以加上I said to her,“May I help you?”(Then I knew she )⼀句,表现出“I”是在⽤英语与那位澳⼤利亚⼈对话,恰到好处。但如果将双⽅⼤段对话⽤直接引语的⽅式表达出来,则使短⽂变得累赘。
  【练笔2】
  根据下⾯的提⽰,⽤英语写⼀篇100词左右的短⽂,介绍刘亚茹。要点如下:
  1. 刘亚茹,济南⼀家纺织⼚(weaving mill)的⼥⼯,在⼚⼯作已14年。
  2. 1992年,她失业了,当时她34岁。
  3. 刚开始,她呆在家⾥,既着急,⼜对到另⼀份⼯作没信⼼。
  4. ⼀段时间后,她不再怕别⼈看不起她,到⼀家茶馆作了⼀名服务员(waitress),⼯作⼲得很好。
  5. 现在许多顾客(customer)都愿光顾(call at)她所⼯作的这家茶馆。
  参考答案
  【练笔1】
  I will go to college in the near future. After Ienter college,I will plan to set new goals in mystudy and improve my way of learning. In my sparetime,I will take part in different kinds of schoolactivities. For example,I will often go to the Englishcorner to practice my spoken English. Besides,Ineed to get along well with my classmates andteachers at college. What’s more,as I am away frommy parents,it is necessary for me to learn to live onmy own,such as doing some washing and cleaningby myself. I think I will have a wonderful collegelife.
  【练笔2】
  Liu Yaru,a woman worker,had worked in aweaving mill in Ji’nan for 14 years. In 1992 whenshe was 34,Mrs. Liu was out of work. At the beginning,she stayed at home. She was worried and was notsure about finding another job. Some time later,shewas no longer afraid of being looked down upon.She managed to find a job as a waitress at a teahouse.She does well in her job,and now many customerslike to call at this teahouse. She makes a lot ofmoney through her hard work.